As the voltage on C1 reaches two-thirds of VCC, the 555’s internal discharge transistor opens, and the voltage on C1 returns to one-third the voltage of VCC, the lower comparator threshold.
At one-third this voltage, the discharge transistor switches off, and C1 again starts charging. The NE555 ’s output is high while C1 is charging and low while C1 is discharging. The product of the input voltage and the charging time of C1 is constant. Because the discharge time is shorter than the charging time, the following equation results for the output Frequency: fOUT~VIN/(P1+R1)×C1×1/3VCC.
P1 calibrates the relationship between the output frequency and the input voltage. Because the discharge interval is approximately 30 &mICro;sec, the accuracy of the voltage-to-frequency conversion decreases as the frequency increases. If you assign 100 Hz to –1V and 1000 Hz to –10V, the error of conversion ranges from 0.3 to 3%. If you use P1 to calibrate the output frequency in the middle of the input
-voltage range
at –5V, then the conversion error will be less than 1.3% over the entire range. To improve performance, C1 should have a low disSIPation factor. You CAN diminish temperature dependence if R1 has a low temperature coefficient and P1 is a multiturn, ceramic-metal potentiometer.
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